Convection

Heat transfer by convection

• Macroscopic phenomenon.
• Arises from the mixing of fluid elements.
  
• Differences in density - natural convection.
  
• Mechanical means - forced convection.
  

Constitutive equations

• Convection from a fluid to a wall
  
• Heat transfer between fluids through a wall
  

Heat transfer coefficients

• Typical values of individual heat transfer coefficients
  

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Heat transfer by conduction

Heat transfer by radiation